Adam Łukasiak

Adam is a native Polish speaker and works as a freelance translator. He has an MA and BA in English Studies from the University of Warsaw. His passion for education and technology drives him to seek ways to enable other people to develop their language skills with the help of online resources. He works as a Language Contributor for the Duolingo Polish course and has helped develop the Grammar Challenges in Polish and other languages for Clozemaster.

Saying “Goodbye” in Polish: 7 Essential Polish Farewells

Though most Poles don’t give them much thought, Polish farewells—the short phrases we use to say “goodbye” when parting—are a surprisingly rich part of the language. Each exchange of these conventional pleasantries lets you express your mood, your emotional attitude towards the other person, as well as whether you’re expecting to see them again in …

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“Hello” in Polish: 7 Polish Greetings to Sound like a Native Speaker

Depending on how you look at it, Polish greetings might seem very simple or terribly complicated. The good news is that learning just a handful of greetings will let you get by in 99% of situations. The tricky part is picking the right greeting for the given situation, as you will often need to take into …

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The Complete Guide to Polish Imperative Verbs

Polish imperative verbs are special verb forms whose purpose is issuing commands, giving advice, making requests and many others. In English, you would usually use the infinitive verb form, as in “Clean your room.” Alternatively, the verb “to let” is used to make imperative-like suggestions, usually as “let’s”: “Let’s go for a walk.” In Polish, you have to …

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Polish Verbs of Motion “iść”, “jechać”, and Other Related Verbs

Many learners find Polish verbs of motion to be one of the most confusing aspects of the language. And no wonder: to use them correctly, you need to pay attention to a bunch of distinctions that do not even exist in English. Let’s try to make them less scary by analyzing some of their defining …

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Polish Relative Pronouns “który“ and “jaki” Made (Relatively) Easy

Który and jaki as interrogative pronouns The Polish pronouns który and jaki – mostly translated as which or what – have several uses. Probably the most straightforward one is asking questions. Below are two example sentences with który and jaki as interrogative pronouns: Który samochód podoba ci się bardziej, mój czy Toma? (“Which car do you like more, mine or Tom’s?”) …

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The Polish Negative Pronouns “nikt” and “nic”: A Short Guide

The Polish negative indefinite pronouns nikt and nic are roughly equivalent to the English negative pronouns nobody (or no one) and nothing. As the name would suggest, the pronouns are used to negate things or declare their non-existence. Here are some sentences with nikt and nic in context: Nikt nie jest doskonały. (“Nobody is perfect.”) …

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The Polish Interrogative Pronouns “kto” and “co” and Related Pronouns

The Polish interrogative pronouns kto and co correspond to the English question words who and what, so their main purpose is asking questions about personal (human) and impersonal agents. Kto wygrał konkurs? (“Who won the contest?”) Co jeszcze widziałeś? (“What else did you see?”) On a basic level, Polish interrogative pronouns are very much like …

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The Beginner’s Guide to Polish Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs

The way reflexive pronouns work in Polish might not seem too intuitive to an English speaker. After all, English reflexive pronouns – words like oneself, himself, yourselves etc. – are only used in very specific contexts. On a basic level, reflexive pronouns are used to signal that the object of a clause is the same …

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The No-Nonsense Guide to Polish Possessive Pronouns

The purpose of possessive pronouns – like my, your, and their in English – is indicating possession or ownership.  It may be useful to think of possessive pronouns as a cross between adjectives and personal pronouns. First, they attach to other parts of speech in order to describe them, just like adjectives do – good …

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The Polish Demonstrative Pronouns “ten” and “tamten”: A Simple Guide

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point at things, usually in order to distinguish them from other things. In English, the basic demonstrative pronouns are this, that, those and these. In Polish, there are two types of pronouns. The so-called proximal demonstrative pronoun ten is used to point to things which are close to the speaker. On the …

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