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The Polish interrogative pronouns kto and co correspond to the English question words who and what, so their main purpose is asking questions about personal (human) and impersonal agents. Kto wygrał konkurs? (“Who won the contest?”) Co jeszcze widziałeś? (“What else did you see?”) On a basic level, Polish interrogative pronouns are very much like …

The Polish Interrogative Pronouns “kto” and “co” and Related PronounsRead More »

The way reflexive pronouns work in Polish might not seem too intuitive to an English speaker. After all, English reflexive pronouns – words like oneself, himself, yourselves etc. – are only used in very specific contexts. On a basic level, reflexive pronouns are used to signal that the object of a clause is the same …

The Beginner’s Guide to Polish Reflexive Pronouns and VerbsRead More »

The purpose of possessive pronouns – like my, your, and their in English – is indicating possession or ownership.  It may be useful to think of possessive pronouns as a cross between adjectives and personal pronouns. First, they attach to other parts of speech in order to describe them, just like adjectives do – good …

The No-Nonsense Guide to Polish Possessive PronounsRead More »

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point at things, usually in order to distinguish them from other things. In English, the basic demonstrative pronouns are this, that, those and these. In Polish, there are two types of pronouns. The so-called proximal demonstrative pronoun ten is used to point to things which are close to the speaker. On the …

The Polish Demonstrative Pronouns “ten” and “tamten”: A Simple GuideRead More »

Personal pronouns – words like I, she, or they in English – are used to refer to a specific entity in the world (usually a person) without actually naming it. Just imagine how messy our everyday communication would be if we weren’t able to refer to someone as he, or to something as it. Using …

Making Sense of Polish Personal PronounsRead More »