{"id":594,"date":"2017-11-07T00:13:35","date_gmt":"2017-11-07T00:13:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/?p=594"},"modified":"2018-07-14T14:56:02","modified_gmt":"2018-07-14T14:56:02","slug":"polish-verbs-of-motion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/polish-verbs-of-motion\/","title":{"rendered":"Polish Verbs of Motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d, \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d, and Other Related Verbs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Many learners find Polish verbs of motion to be one of the most confusing aspects of the language. And no wonder: to use them correctly, you need to pay attention to a bunch of distinctions that do not even exist in English. Let&#8217;s try to make them less scary by analyzing some of their defining features.<\/p>\n<p>Polish has several commonly used verbs of motion. They have different meanings, but in terms of grammar, they all work pretty much the same. To make things easier for you, we&#8217;ll start by discussing just the two most common verbs of motion. Later on, we&#8217;ll take a brief look at the remaining ones.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Polish verbs of motion <em>i\u015b\u0107<\/em> and\u00a0<em>jecha\u0107<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>I\u015b\u0107<\/em><\/strong> and\u00a0<em><strong>jecha\u0107<\/strong><\/em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 by far the most used verbs of motion \u2013\u00a0are both translated as \u201cto go\u201d, but they mean quite different things. This is because Polish has separate verbs for \u201cgoing\u201d depending on the means of transport used.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>I\u015b\u0107\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>means simply\u00a0<strong><em>to go on foot<\/em><\/strong> or\u00a0<strong><em>to walk<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Jecha\u0107\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>means\u00a0<strong><em>to go by vehicle.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0This includes all types of land transport (car, bike, train, skateboard, horse), but not water or air transport (plane, boat). It doesn&#8217;t matter if you&#8217;re actually steering the vehicle (in which case it is translated as\u00a0<em><strong>to drive<\/strong><\/em> or\u00a0<strong><em>to ride)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0or just traveling as a passenger<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Aspects: the basics<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>All Polish verbs belong to one of two classes: <strong>perfective<\/strong> or <strong>imperfective<\/strong>. These are known as\u00a0<strong>grammatical aspects.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Perfective<\/strong> verbs describe actions that have <strong>a clearly defined beginning and end<\/strong>. In other words, actions that have clearly been completed in the past, or will be completed in the future.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imperfective<\/strong>\u00a0verbs describe actions <strong>without any reference to their completion<\/strong>. We know that they have a beginning, but we don&#8217;t know anything about the end.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>One of the reasons why Polish verbs of motion are so challenging is that they add another layer to this already complex system.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Imperfective<\/strong> verbs of motion differ from all other Polish verbs in that they have two sub-classes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Indeterminate<\/strong>\u00a0verbs describe\u00a0motion\u00a0that is done<strong> regularly, habitually, or without a specific direction<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Determinate<\/strong>\u00a0verbs refer to motion that happens<strong> only once<\/strong>, mostly with a specific direction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-599\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-imperfective-table.png\" alt=\"Polish verbs of motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d and \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d in the perfective \/ imperfective aspect with examples\" width=\"3245\" height=\"1213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-imperfective-table.png 3245w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-imperfective-table-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-imperfective-table-768x287.png 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-imperfective-table-1024x383.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3245px) 100vw, 3245px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Now that we&#8217;ve laid down the basics, it&#8217;s time to back up the theory with specific examples.<\/p>\n<p>Our goal is to view this complex topic from as many perspectives as possible. So first, we&#8217;ll try to understand all individual grammatical aspects, and later we&#8217;ll take a look at how they behave in specific tenses (past, present, and future).<\/p>\n<h3>The imperfective indeterminate aspect<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>imperfective indeterminate<\/strong> verbs of motion\u00a0<em><strong>chodzi\u0107<\/strong><\/em> and\u00a0<strong><em>je\u017adzi\u0107<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0are used to talk about <strong>habits<\/strong> or <strong>repetitive actions<\/strong>, as well as to generalize:<\/p>\n<p><em>Julia <strong>chodzi\u0142a<\/strong>\u00a0kiedy\u015b\u00a0na si\u0142owni\u0119. <\/em>(\u201cJulia <strong>used to go<\/strong>\u00a0to the gym.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Dlaczego nigdy nie <strong>je\u017adzisz<\/strong> do pracy autobusem?<\/em> (\u201cWhy do you never <strong>go<\/strong> to work by bus?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>They are also used to talk about <strong>motion that doesn&#8217;t have a single specific direction<\/strong> \u2013 even if it only happens once:<\/p>\n<p><em>Tom <strong>chodzi\u00a0<\/strong>po lesie.<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cTom <strong>is walking<\/strong> in the forest.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><i><strong>B\u0119dziesz je\u017adzi\u0142a<\/strong> konno?<\/i>\u00a0(\u201c<strong>Will<\/strong>\u00a0you <strong>be riding<\/strong> a horse?\u201d)<\/p>\n<h3>The imperfective determinate aspect<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>imperfective determinate<\/strong> verbs of motion <b><i>i\u015b\u0107<\/i><\/b> and\u00a0<strong><em>jecha\u0107\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>are used to refer to <strong>one-time<\/strong>, <strong>continuous<\/strong> motion, often with a specific goal:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Id\u0119<\/strong> do sklepu. Chcesz co\u015b?\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI <strong>am going<\/strong> to the store. Do you want anything?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Szed\u0142 <strong>powoli<\/strong>,\u00a0rozmawiaj\u0105c <\/em>przez telefon<em>.<\/em> (\u201cHe <strong>was\u00a0walking<\/strong>\u00a0slowly as he was talking on the phone.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><i>Dlaczego\u00a0<strong>jedziesz<\/strong>\u00a0tak szybko? Mamy jeszcze du\u017co czasu.\u00a0<\/i>(\u201cWhy <strong>are<\/strong> you <strong>driving<\/strong> so fast? We&#8217;ve got plenty of time to spare.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jechali\u015bmy<\/strong> tu\u00a0pi\u0119\u0107 godzin.<\/em> (\u201cWe <strong>drove<\/strong> for five hours to get here.\u201d)<\/p>\n<h3>The perfective aspect<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>perfective<\/strong> verbs of motion <b><i>p\u00f3j\u015b\u0107<\/i><\/b>\u00a0and <strong><em>pojecha\u0107\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>are used to express motion with a clear indication of its <strong>completion<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>P\u00f3jdziesz<\/strong><\/em><em> za mn\u0105 na imprez\u0119?\u00a0<\/em>(\u201c<strong>Will<\/strong> you <strong>go<\/strong> to the party with me?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Adam <strong>poszed\u0142<\/strong> do <\/em>sklepu<em>, wr\u00f3ci za p\u00f3\u0142 <\/em>godziny<em>.<\/em> (\u201cAdam <strong>went<\/strong> to the store, he will be back in half an hour.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Pojecha\u0142em <\/strong><\/em><em>do Krakowa poci\u0105giem.<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cI <strong>went<\/strong> to Krak\u00f3w by train.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Anna\u00a0<\/em><strong><em>pojedzie<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0tam <\/em>rowerem<em>.<\/em> (\u201cAnna\u00a0<strong>will<\/strong><strong>\u00a0go<\/strong> there on her\u00a0bike.\u201d)<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Polish verbs of motion in the present tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-631 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-present-tense-conjugation.png\" alt=\"Present tense conjugation of Polish imperfective verbs of motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d and \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1671\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-present-tense-conjugation.png 1730w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-present-tense-conjugation-300x290.png 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-present-tense-conjugation-768x742.png 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-present-tense-conjugation-1024x989.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The present tense is probably the easiest of them all. Only two aspects are possible here, and the number of verb forms is relatively low. Still, there are some quirks you should be aware of.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Present tense is the only tense that doesn&#8217;t allow for the perfective aspect.<\/strong>\u00a0The perfective aspect emphasizes completion, and no matter how you look at it, you can never say that completion is \u201chappening\u201d right now. So when you&#8217;re talking about an action, it has either already been completed in the past, or will be completed in the future.<\/p>\n<p>That leaves us with the\u00a0<strong>imperfective indeterminate<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<strong>imperfective determinate<\/strong> aspects.<\/p>\n<h3>Present tense: imperfective indeterminate<\/h3>\n<p>The imperfective indeterminate aspect is used to talk about <strong>habitual and repetitive motion<\/strong>, which is why it is the only aspect in which Polish verbs of motion can be used together with <strong>adverbs of frequency<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>These tend to appear with present tense verbs and include\u00a0<em><strong>zawsze\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>(\u201calways\u201d),\u00a0<em><strong>cz\u0119sto<\/strong><\/em> (\u201coften\u201d),\u00a0<em><strong>czasami<\/strong><\/em> (\u201csometimes\u201d),\u00a0<em><strong>rzadko<\/strong><\/em> (\u201crarely\u201d), and\u00a0<em><strong>nigdy<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cnever\u201d):<\/p>\n<p><em>Jak cz\u0119sto\u00a0<strong>chodzisz\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><em>do kina?<\/em> (\u201cHow often do you <strong>go<\/strong> to the movie theater?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Bardzo rzadko <strong>je\u017cd\u017c\u0119<\/strong> poci\u0105giem<\/em>. (\u201cI hardly ever <strong>travel<\/strong> by train.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>They can also accompany more specific <strong>expressions of time<\/strong> that indicate some kind of <strong>regularity<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em>Anna\u00a0<strong>chodzi<\/strong>\u00a0na\u00a0fitness w ka\u017cdy wtorek i czwartek.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cAnna goes to fitness classes every Tuesday and Thursday.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Raz w miesi\u0105cu <strong>je\u017cd\u017c\u0119<\/strong> do Warszawy.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI\u00a0<strong>go<\/strong> to Warsaw once a month.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>As you&#8217;ve probably noticed, this aspect mostly corresponds to the <strong>present simple <\/strong>tense in English. However, you can also use it to talk about motion that doesn&#8217;t have any specific direction, in which case it can also be translated into the <strong>present continuous<\/strong> tense:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Chodz\u0119<\/strong> po centrum handlowym.<\/em> (\u201cI <strong>am walking<\/strong> around the mall.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Je\u017adzimy<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>teraz na deskorolkach.<\/em> (\u201cWe\u00a0<strong>are riding<\/strong> skateboards right now.\u201d)<\/p>\n<h3>Present tense: imperfective determinate<\/h3>\n<p>The imperfective determinate verbs\u00a0<strong><em>i\u015b\u0107<\/em><\/strong> and\u00a0<strong><em>jecha\u0107<\/em><\/strong> are mostly used to talk about <strong>continuous motion<\/strong> <strong>that is happening right now<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Idziemy<\/strong> do restauracji. <strong>Idziesz<\/strong> z nami?<\/em> (\u201cWe <strong>are going<\/strong> to the restaurant. <strong>Are<\/strong> you <strong>going<\/strong> with us?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Nie mog\u0119 teraz rozmawia\u0107, <strong>jad\u0119<\/strong> samochodem.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI can&#8217;t talk right now, I <strong>am driving<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>This aspect in the present tense is also used to talk about the future. Actually, this is <strong>the most common way to talk about future plans<\/strong> <strong>or scheduled events<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em>Mama <strong>idzie\u00a0<\/strong>jutro do lekarza.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cMom <strong>is going<\/strong> to the doctor&#8217;s tomorrow.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>W przysz\u0142ym tygodniu\u00a0<\/em><em><strong>jad\u0119\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><em>do Berlina.<\/em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(\u201cI <strong>am going<\/strong> to Berlin next week.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>This aspect typically corresponds to the English\u00a0<strong>present continuous\u00a0<\/strong>tense.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Polish verbs of motion in the past tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2407 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Clipboard01.png\" alt=\"Past tense conjugation of Polish verbs of motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d and \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d\" width=\"2025\" height=\"1595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Clipboard01.png 2025w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Clipboard01-300x236.png 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Clipboard01-768x605.png 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Clipboard01-1024x807.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2025px) 100vw, 2025px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Don&#8217;t let the above table scare you. Polish verbs in the past tense take different forms depending on the gender of the subject performing the action \u2013 that&#8217;s why there are almost five times as many possible forms as in the present tense.<\/p>\n<p>Sure, it&#8217;s a lot to process. Some of the forms don&#8217;t even resemble the infinitive verb (<em>i\u015b\u0107 \u2192 szed\u0142 <\/em>etc.). Luckily, the rules governing their use are pretty intuitive.<\/p>\n<h3>Past tense: imperfective indeterminate<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>imperfective indeterminate<\/strong> verbs in the past tense are used to talk about <strong>repetitive or habitual motion that took place in the past. <\/strong>They sometimes go\u00a0together with adverbs of frequency:<\/p>\n<p><em>Gdy byli m\u0142odzi, cz\u0119sto\u00a0<strong>je\u017adzili<\/strong> w g\u00f3ry.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cWhen they were young, they often <strong>went<\/strong> to the mountains.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Po\u00a0<\/em><em>pracy\u00a0<strong>chodzili\u015bmy<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>na piwo<\/em>. (\u201cWe <strong>used to go<\/strong> out for a beer after work.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Tamtego lata <strong>je\u017adzi\u0142em<\/strong> do szpitala prawie ka\u017cdego tygodnia.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cThat summer I <strong>was going<\/strong> to the hospital almost every week.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Just as in the present tense,\u00a0the\u00a0<strong>imperfective indeterminate<\/strong> aspect can refer to movement without any specific direction:<\/p>\n<p><em>Tom <strong>chodzi\u0142<\/strong> po mie\u015bcie przez\u00a0dwie godziny.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cTom\u00a0<strong>walked<\/strong> around the city for two hours.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Depending on the context, these can be translated in several ways. Probably the most common translations are\u00a0<strong>past simple<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>used to + verb<\/strong>,\u00a0but\u00a0<strong>past continuous\u00a0<\/strong>is also possible in some cases.<\/p>\n<h3>Past tense: imperfective determinate<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>imperfective determinate\u00a0<\/strong>aspect in the past tense typically describes <strong>one-time directed movement that may or may not have been brought to completion<\/strong>. It is often used when viewing the motion from the perspective of the time when it was happening:<\/p>\n<p><em>Gdy <strong>szed\u0142em<\/strong> do<\/em> <em>domu, s<\/em><em>potka\u0142em Marka.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cAs I<strong> was walking<\/strong> home, I met Marek.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Sz\u0142a <\/strong><\/em><em>po chodniku<\/em>\u00a0<em>i jad\u0142a jab\u0142ko.<\/em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(\u201cShe <strong>was walking<\/strong>\u00a0on the sidewalk and eating an apple.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Wiem<\/em><em>, \u017ce <strong>jecha\u0142em<\/strong> za szybko.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI know that I <strong>was driving<\/strong> too fast.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Jecha\u0142 <\/em><\/strong><em>do\u00a0pracy rowerem,\u00a0gdy<\/em><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><em>to si\u0119 zdarzy\u0142o.<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cHe\u00a0<strong>was biking<\/strong> to work when this happened.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>As you can see in the examples, these will usually correspond to the <strong>present continuous<\/strong> tense in English.<\/p>\n<h3>Past tense: perfective<\/h3>\n<p>If you take a look at the table at the beginning of the section, you will quickly realize that <strong>perfective forms are created by adding the prefix\u00a0<em>po-<\/em> to the imperfective determinate forms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>This\u00a0<em><strong>po<\/strong><\/em><em><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><\/em> prefix is a marker of completion: if you say\u00a0<strong><em>szed\u0142em<\/em><\/strong>, it&#8217;s unclear if you managed to reach your destination, whereas saying\u00a0<em><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">po<\/span>szed\u0142em <\/strong><\/em>makes it\u00a0obvious that you did eventually get there.<\/p>\n<p>Here are a few typical use cases \u2013 each makes it clear that the motion was completed:<\/p>\n<p><em>O kt\u00f3rej <strong>poszli\u015bcie<\/strong> do domu?<\/em> (\u201cAt what time <strong>did<\/strong> you <strong>go<\/strong> home?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Poszed\u0142em<\/strong> tam z ciekawo\u015bci.<\/em> (\u201cI <strong>went<\/strong> there out of curiosity.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Pojechali<\/strong> do centrum autobusem.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cThey\u00a0<strong>went<\/strong> downtown on a bus.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Marii nie ma w domu<\/em><em>, <strong>pojecha\u0142a<\/strong> odwiedzi\u0107 <\/em>swoich<em> rodzic\u00f3w.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cMaria isn&#8217;t home, she <strong>went<\/strong> to visit her parents.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>In most cases, the perfective aspect in the past will translate into the\u00a0<strong>past simple<\/strong> tense in English.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Polish verbs of motion in the future tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-634 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-and-imperfective-forms.png\" alt=\"Conjugation of the Polish verbs of motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d and \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d in the future tense \u2013 perfective and imperfective aspects\" width=\"2312\" height=\"1843\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-and-imperfective-forms.png 2312w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-and-imperfective-forms-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-and-imperfective-forms-768x612.png 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-\u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d-and-\u201cjecha\u0107\u201d-perfective-and-imperfective-forms-1024x816.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2312px) 100vw, 2312px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Once again, the complete conjugation looks much more complicated than it actually is. Let&#8217;s break it down aspect-by-aspect.<\/p>\n<h3>Future tense: perfective<\/h3>\n<p><strong>The perfective verb forms are actually created in a quite straightforward way<\/strong>: you just add the\u00a0perfective prefix\u00a0<em><strong>po-<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>to imperfective indeterminate present tense forms and change the initial\u00a0<em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em> into\u00a0<em><strong>j<\/strong><\/em>, while also changing the\u00a0<em><strong>o<\/strong><\/em> into\u00a0<strong><em>\u00f3<\/em><\/strong> in the case of\u00a0<em><strong>p\u00f3j\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The perfective aspect in the future tense is used to refer to <strong>one-time motion that will be started and completed in the future<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>P\u00f3jd\u0119<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<em>tam o dziesi\u0105tej rano.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI\u00a0<strong>will go<\/strong> there at 10 AM.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Nie wiem, czy ona <strong>p\u00f3jdzie<\/strong> z nami.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI don&#8217;t know if she <strong>will go<\/strong>\u00a0with us.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Kto <strong>pojedzie<\/strong> tam zamiast ciebie?<\/em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(\u201cWho <strong>will go<\/strong> there instead of you?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>W przysz\u0142ym roku\u00a0<strong>pojedziemy\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><em>do Francji, obiecuj\u0119.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cNext year we <strong>will go<\/strong> to France, I promise.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>As it should be evident from the examples, the perfective future forms usually correspond to the\u00a0<strong>future<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>simple<\/strong> tense in English.<\/p>\n<h3>Future tense: imperfective indeterminate<\/h3>\n<p>The imperfective determinate verbs in the future are made up of the <strong>auxiliary verb\u00a0<em>by\u0107<\/em> (\u201cto be\u201d) followed by verb forms that are\u00a0\u201cborrowed\u201d from their past tense counterparts.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The \u201cborrowed\u201d verb forms are always\u00a0<strong>third person forms<\/strong> (<em>chodzi\u0142<\/em>,\u00a0<em>chodzi\u0142a<\/em>, etc.) for each of the genders. Thus, a man would say\u00a0<strong><em>b\u0119d\u0119 chodzi\u0142<\/em><\/strong>, while a woman would use\u00a0<em><strong>b\u0119d\u0119 chodzi\u0142a<\/strong><\/em> instead.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, <strong>the form of the auxiliary\u00a0<em>by\u0107<\/em> conveys information about the grammatical person<\/strong>. It&#8217;s only by looking at the auxiliary verb that you can distinguish the first person masculine form <em><strong>b\u0119d\u0119 chodzi\u0142\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>from the\u00a0third person masculine form\u00a0<em><strong>b\u0119dzie\u00a0<\/strong><strong>chodzi\u0142<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Just as in the past and present tense, the imperfective indeterminate aspect refers to <strong>motion that happens habitually or regularly \u2013 only this time in the future<\/strong>. Here are some examples:<\/p>\n<p><em>Od dzi\u015b <strong>b\u0119d\u0119 chodzi\u0142<\/strong> na basen w ka\u017cdy pi\u0105tek.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cStarting today, I <strong>will be going<\/strong> to the swimming pool every Friday.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Kto <strong>b\u0119dzie je\u017adzi\u0142 <\/strong>po zakupy, gdy mnie nie<\/em><em>\u00a0b\u0119dzie?<\/em> (\u201cWho <strong>will be driving<\/strong> to do the shopping when I&#8217;m away?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Note that apart from the past tense indeterminate forms (like <em>chodzi\u0142<\/em>), the auxiliary \u201cby\u0107\u201d can also be followed by the infinitive form (<em>chodzi\u0107<\/em>). In this case, there is no gender distinction, so \u201cb\u0119d\u0119 chodzi\u0107\u201d can be used by people of both genders:<\/p>\n<p><em>W grudniu b\u0119d\u0119 <strong>chodzi\u0107<\/strong> na jog\u0119.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cIn December I <strong>will be going<\/strong> to yoga classes.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>The imperfective indeterminate typically corresponds to the English\u00a0<strong>future continuous<\/strong> or\u00a0<strong>future<\/strong><strong> simple<\/strong> tense.<\/p>\n<h3>Future tense: imperfective determinate<\/h3>\n<p>As far as conjugation is concerned, the imperfective determinate aspect in the future tense works similarly to the imperfective indeterminate aspect described above \u2013 it <strong>\u201cborrows\u201d the past tense imperfective determinate forms and adds the auxiliary verb\u00a0<em>by\u0107\u00a0<\/em>in front of them<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>This aspect used to talk about <strong>motion which will happen in the future without any emphasis on whether it&#8217;ll be completed or not<\/strong>. The only thing it gives away is that the motion will start and last for some time:<\/p>\n<p><em>Kupi\u0119 mleko, gdy <strong>b\u0119d\u0119 szed\u0142<\/strong> do domu.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI will buy milk when I\u00a0<strong>will be going<\/strong> home.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Zadzwo\u0144, gdy<strong> b\u0119dziesz jecha\u0142<\/strong> do miasta.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cCall me when you <strong>will be going<\/strong> to the city.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Like in imperfective indeterminate verbs, replacing the gender-specific past tense form with a gender neutral infinitive is a perfectly grammatical way to use a determinate verb of motion in the future tense:<\/p>\n<p><em>Marek <strong>b\u0119dzie <\/strong>zaraz<strong> szed\u0142<\/strong> do biura.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cMarek <strong>will be going<\/strong> to the office in a moment.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>This aspect mostly translates into the English\u00a0<strong>future continuous\u00a0<\/strong>tense, and sometimes into the\u00a0<strong>future simple<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Prefixed verbs of motion in Polish<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Adding\u00a0the prefix\u00a0<em><strong>po-<\/strong><\/em> might be the most common way of creating perfective forms of verbs of motion, but it doesn&#8217;t mean it&#8217;s the only one.<\/p>\n<p>There are about a dozen of prefixes which can be added to Polish verbs of motion. Prefixed verbs such as <em><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">do<\/span>jecha\u0107<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>are often considered to be completely separate words, but the fact is that they are all derived from more basic verbs like\u00a0<em><strong>jecha\u0107<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>As it should be evident from the rough translations in the table below,<strong> adding a prefix can completely change the meaning of the verb<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Each of these prefixed verbs can occur in two variants:\u00a0<strong>perfective<\/strong> and\u00a0<strong>imperfective<\/strong>. As you already know, the perfective variants are used to talk about motion that is clearly brought to completion, while the imperfective ones do not specify whether the action was completed or not.<\/p>\n<p><strong>All prefixed verbs conjugate just like the regular ones, the only difference being the added prefix.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-624\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-and-perfective-prefixes.png\" alt=\"Polish verbs of motion and prefixes \u2013 translations and examples of use\" width=\"2121\" height=\"2090\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-and-perfective-prefixes.png 2121w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-and-perfective-prefixes-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-and-perfective-prefixes-768x757.png 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Polish-verbs-of-motion-and-perfective-prefixes-1024x1009.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2121px) 100vw, 2121px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Prepositions and grammatical case<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Polish verbs of motion tend to occur together with certain prepositions. The three prepositions you&#8217;re most likely to encounter in this context are\u00a0<em><strong>do<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cto\u201d),\u00a0<em><strong>na<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cto\u201d), and\u00a0<em><strong>z<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cfrom\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>The preposition\u00a0<em><strong>do<\/strong><\/em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is the most common means of expressing the goal of motion, just like the English \u201cto\u201d. It always requires the following phrase to take the <strong>genitive<\/strong> case:<\/p>\n<p><em>Chodz\u0119 <strong>do ko\u015bcio\u0142a<\/strong> w ka\u017cd\u0105 niedziel\u0119.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI go <strong>to church<\/strong> every Sunday.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>The preposition\u00a0<em><strong>na<\/strong><\/em>, which usually corresponds to the English \u201con\u201d,\u00a0can also mean \u201cto\u201d, but it is only used this way with a limited set of nouns. Most of them (though not all) are wide, open spaces. These include\u00a0<em><strong>basen<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cswimming pool\u201d),\u00a0<em><strong>lotnisko<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cairport\u201d),\u00a0<b><i>cmentarz\u00a0<\/i><\/b>(\u201ccemetery\u201d),\u00a0<em><strong>stadion<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cstadium\u201d), and\u00a0<em><strong>rynek<\/strong><\/em> (\u201cmarketplace\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>The goal of motion after the preposition\u00a0<em><strong>na<\/strong><\/em> must take the\u00a0<strong>accusative\u00a0<\/strong>case:<\/p>\n<p><em>Idziemy <strong>na basen<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cWe&#8217;re going <strong>to the swimming pool<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>When used together with a verb of motion, the preposition\u00a0<em><strong>z\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>will usually mean \u201cfrom\u201d \u2013 its main purpose is expressing the source of motion. The source itself must be put in the <strong>genitive<\/strong> case:<\/p>\n<p><em>Ten poci\u0105g <strong>jedzie z Krakowa<\/strong> do Warszawy.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cThis train <strong>runs from Krak\u00f3w<\/strong> to Warsaw.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>(If you&#8217;d like to learn more about\u00a0<em><strong>do<\/strong><\/em>,\u00a0<em><strong>na<\/strong><\/em>,\u00a0<em><strong>z<\/strong><\/em>, and other prepositions, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/polish-prepositions\/\">this post discusses Polish prepositions in much more detail<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Expressing means of transport<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>There are two major ways of specifying the means of transport by which the movement takes place.<\/p>\n<p>The more common one is putting the means of transport in the\u00a0<strong>instrumental\u00a0<\/strong>case\u00a0<strong>without any additional preposition<\/strong>. This mainly applies to vehicles and roughly corresponds to how the preposition \u201cby\u201d<em>\u00a0<\/em>is used in English:<\/p>\n<p><em>Przyjecha\u0142am tu <strong>samochodem<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cI came here <strong>by car<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Jedziemy do Francji <strong>poci\u0105giem<\/strong>.<\/em> (\u201cWe&#8217;re going to France <strong>by train<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Another way of talking about the means of transport is using the preposition\u00a0<em><strong>na<\/strong><\/em> or\u00a0<em><strong>w\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>followed by the <strong>locative<\/strong> case. However, it only works with some means of transport \u2013 mostly those which you can \u201cride\u201d in English:<\/p>\n<p>Kto <em><strong>je\u017adzi na tym koniu<\/strong><\/em>? (\u201cWho <strong>rides this horse<\/strong>?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Tom <strong>je\u017adzi<\/strong> teraz <strong>na rowerze<\/strong>.<\/em> (\u201cTom <strong>is riding his bike<\/strong> now.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, if the movement is done on foot, this is expressed by adding the adverb\u00a0<em><strong>pieszo<\/strong><\/em> (or\u00a0<em><strong>piechot\u0105<\/strong><\/em>):<\/p>\n<p><em>Chodzisz do szko\u0142y <strong>pieszo<\/strong>?\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cDo you go to school <strong>on foot<\/strong>?\u201d)<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Idiomatic expressions with \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d and \u201cchodzi\u0107\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Just like the verb \u201cto go\u201d in English, the Polish verbs\u00a0<em><strong>i\u015b\u0107\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>and\u00a0<em><strong>chodzi\u0107<\/strong><\/em> are sometimes <strong>used in ways that have little to do with physical motion.<\/strong>\u00a0Here are some examples of common idiomatic expressions employing these verbs:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Id\u0119<\/strong> spa\u0107.<\/em> (\u201cI <strong>am going<\/strong> to sleep.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Adam nie <strong>chodzi<\/strong> na \u017cadne wyk\u0142ady.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cAdam doesn&#8217;t <strong>attend<\/strong> any lectures.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Jak <strong>idzie<\/strong> praca?<\/em> (\u201cHow <strong>is<\/strong> the work <strong>going<\/strong>?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Czy Mary <strong>chodzi<\/strong> z Tomem?\u00a0<\/em>(\u201c<strong>Is<\/strong> Mary <strong>going out<\/strong> with Tom?\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Nie wierz\u0119, \u017ce do tego <strong>dosz\u0142o<\/strong>.<\/em> (\u201cI can&#8217;t believe it <strong>has come<\/strong> to this.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>Je\u015bli wszystko <strong>p\u00f3jdzie<\/strong> dobrze<\/em>,\u00a0<em>jutro b\u0119dziemy ju\u017c w domu.<\/em> (\u201cIf everything <strong>goes<\/strong> well, we&#8217;ll be home tomorrow.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><i>Nie wiem, o co ci<strong> chodzi<\/strong>.<\/i> (\u201cI don&#8217;t know what you<strong> mean<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><em>O co <strong>chodzi<\/strong> w tym filmie?\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cWhat <strong>is<\/strong> this movie <strong>about<\/strong>?\u201d)<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Other Polish verbs of motion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Of course, <em><strong>i<\/strong><strong>\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/em> and\u00a0<em><strong>jecha\u0107 <\/strong><\/em>are not the only verbs of motion in Polish \u2013 there is a bunch of other verbs that work the same way, complete with imperfective indeterminate, determinate, and perfective variants.<\/p>\n<p>Nearly everything that has been said here about\u00a0<em><strong>i\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/em> and\u00a0<em><strong>jecha\u0107\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>will apply to those other verbs as well. They all have pretty straightforward English equivalents, as they refer to rather specific types of motion.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-629\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Other-Polish-verbs-of-motion.png\" alt=\"Polish verbs of motion \u201cbiec\u201d, \u201clecie\u0107\u201d, \u201cp\u0142yn\u0105\u0107\u201d, \u201cnie\u015b\u0107\u201d, and \u201cwie\u017a\u0107\u201d \u2013 imperfective and perfective variants\" width=\"2647\" height=\"1721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Other-Polish-verbs-of-motion.png 2647w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Other-Polish-verbs-of-motion-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Other-Polish-verbs-of-motion-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Other-Polish-verbs-of-motion-1024x666.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2647px) 100vw, 2647px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Polish Verbs of Motion Grammar Challenge<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Mastering Polish verbs of motion is likely one of the toughest challenges you&#8217;ll face when learning the language. Hopefully, this article has made it all a bit less intimidating.<\/p>\n<p>If you&#8217;d like to test your skills in actual sentences, we&#8217;ve got you covered. The <strong>Polish Verbs of Motion Grammar Challenge<\/strong> will let you practice using all verbs of motion discussed in this article so that you can get a more intuitive grasp of all the diverse forms.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/languages\/learn-polish-online\">Click here to take up the Verbs of Motion Grammar Challenge and start learning by mass exposure to the Polish language.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many learners find Polish verbs of motion to be one of the most confusing aspects of the language. And no wonder: to use them correctly, you need to pay attention to a bunch of distinctions that do not even exist in English. Let&#8217;s try to make them less scary by analyzing some of their defining &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/polish-verbs-of-motion\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Polish Verbs of Motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d, \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d, and Other Related Verbs<\/span>Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,573],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn-polish","category-polish-grammar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polish Verbs of Motion \u201ci\u015b\u0107\u201d, \u201cjecha\u0107\u201d, and Other Related Verbs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learners find Polish verbs of motion to be one of the most confusing aspects of the language. 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