\n| Loro (essi)<\/td>\n | They<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n The third-person pronoun are lui<\/strong> (or egli<\/strong>), lei<\/strong> (or ella<\/strong>), esso<\/strong> and essa<\/strong> (it), loro<\/strong> (or essi<\/strong>). Lui<\/strong>, lei<\/strong> and loro<\/strong> are commonly used in spoken language, while egli, ella<\/strong> and essi<\/strong> are used almost only in literature. Esso<\/strong> and essa<\/strong> are seldom used, with the exception of some regional uses.<\/p>\n\n- Io sono di Roma, lei \u00e8 di Milano.
\nI\u2019m from Rome, she\u2019s from Milan.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Loro non parlano bene l\u2019italiano.
\nThey don\u2019t speak Italian well.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nUnlike English, the third-person pronoun lei<\/strong> (which is normally singular and feminine) can be used to address someone we\u2019re not quite familiar with, like elder people. It\u2019s basically a polite and formal way to address someone you\u2019ve just met and is older than you, or in a higher position than you. With friends, family, peers and children it\u2019s ok to use the pronoun tu<\/strong>.<\/p>\nSo, if you hear two people having a formal conversation and using the pronoun \u201clei<\/strong>\u201d, chances are they\u2019re not talking about a third (female) person, but they\u2019re actually addressing each other politely.<\/p>\n\n- Io ho fatto buon viaggio, e lei?
\nI had a nice travel, and you?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nAnother difference with English is that Italian pronouns indicating the subject are often omitted when the reference it\u2019s obvious, because otherwise it may sound repetitive.<\/p>\n \n- (Io) Sono andato in banca
\nI went to the bank<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- (Tu) Vuoi venire al cinema con me?
\nDo you want to come to the cinema with me?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHowever, if you use the word anche<\/strong> (also) referring to the subject, it is mandatory to include the pronoun in the sentence.<\/p>\n\n- Anche io voglio venire con voi.
\nI also want to come with you.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nItalian object pronouns<\/h2>\nItalian object pronouns are used instead of a noun to indicate who is affected by the action of the verb. There are two kinds or object pronouns: direct and indirect.<\/p>\n Direct pronouns<\/h3>\nThese are the direct pronouns in Italian:<\/p>\n \n\n\nItalian<\/strong><\/td>\n| <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Mi<\/td>\n | Me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ti<\/td>\n | You<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Lo<\/td>\n | Him\/It<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| La<\/td>\n | Her\/It<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ci<\/td>\n | Us<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Vi<\/td>\n | You<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Li, le<\/td>\n | Them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Direct pronouns are used to indicate the direct recipient of the action of a verb, and they replace object nouns. This means that, instead of using a noun in a sentence (be it a place, a person or a thing) you use the appropriate pronoun. For example:<\/p>\n \n- Marco mangia la pasta -> Marco la<\/strong> mangia.
\nMarco eats pasta -> Marco eats it.<\/em><\/li>\n- Porto Marco a casa alle tre, poi passo a riprenderlo<\/strong> alle cinque.
\nI bring Marco home at 3pm, then I come pick him up again at 5pm.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHere, \u201cla<\/strong>\u201d replaces \u201cpizza<\/strong>\u201d in the first example, while \u201clo<\/strong>\u201d replaces \u201cMarco<\/strong>\u201d in the second sentence. To choose the correct direct object pronoun you need to consider whether the direct object in the sentence is masculine or feminine and singular or plural.<\/p>\nDirect pronouns are used to answer the question\u00a0\u201cWho? What?\u201d.<\/em> In some cases, the direct pronouns can be put either before the verb or right after it. This is the case when two verbs are joined by a preposition (\u201ca\u201d in the following example).<\/p>\n\n- Ti<\/strong> vengo a trovare domani.
\nVengo a trovarti<\/strong> domani.
\n<\/span>I\u2019ll come see you tomorrow.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nItalian direct pronouns always follow the verb when this is used in the imperative, gerund or infinitive form:<\/p>\n \n- Muoviti<\/strong>!
\nMove!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Sedetevi<\/strong>.
\nSit down.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Guardandolo<\/strong> attentamente, mi sembra dimagrito.
\nLooking at him carefully, he seems to have lost weight.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Accompagnarti<\/strong> a casa in auto non \u00e8 un problema.
\nDriving you home is not a problem at all.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nLet\u2019s now move to indirect pronouns.<\/p>\n Indirect object pronouns<\/h3>\nThe Italian indirect pronouns are:<\/p>\n \n\n\nItalian<\/strong><\/td>\nEnglish<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| Mi<\/td>\n | Me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ti<\/td>\n | You<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Gli<\/td>\n | Him\/It<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Le<\/td>\n | Her\/It<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ci<\/td>\n | Us<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Vi<\/td>\n | You<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Loro\/Gli<\/td>\n | Them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Unlike direct pronouns, who answer the questions \u201cwho?\u201d, \u201cwhat?\u201d,<\/em> indirect pronouns answer the questions \u201cto whom?\u201d, \u201cto what?\u201d. <\/em>They are used to replace the object in those cases where the verb is followed by the preposition \u201ca<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n- Ho mandato un sms a Lucia -> Le<\/strong> ho mandato un sms.
\nI\u2019ve sent a sms to Lucia -> I\u2019ve sent her an sms.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Non l\u2019ho ancora detto a Marco. Gli<\/strong> parler\u00f2 domani.
\nI haven\u2019t told Marco yet, I\u2019ll tell him tomorrow.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn this case, \u201cle<\/strong>\u201d replaces Lucia and \u201cgli<\/strong>\u201d replaces Marco. In the chart below we show you how to replace the object, so you will easily remember:<\/p>\n\n\n\nItalian pronouns (weak)<\/strong><\/td>\nItalian pronouns (strong)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| Mi<\/td>\n | A me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ti<\/td>\n | A te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Gli<\/td>\n | A lui<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Le<\/td>\n | A lei<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ci<\/td>\n | A noi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Vi<\/td>\n | A voi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Loro\/Gli<\/td>\n | A loro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Pay attention to the use of the indirect pronoun loro<\/strong>, as it always follows the verb.<\/p>\n\n- Quando vedr\u00f2 i miei amici, dar\u00f2 loro<\/strong> la notizia.
\nWhen I\u2019ll see my friends, I\u2019ll tell them the news.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nWhile the third-person plural pronoun is \u201cloro<\/strong>\u201d, it is also acceptable to replace it with \u201cgli<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n- Quando vedr\u00f2 i miei amici, gli<\/strong> dar\u00f2 la notizia.
\nWhen I\u2019ll see my friends, I\u2019ll tell them the news.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nItalian possessive pronouns<\/h2>\nLet\u2019s now jump into Italian possessive pronouns. Here they are:<\/p>\n \n\n\nItalian pronouns
\n(masculine singular)<\/strong><\/td>\nItalian pronouns
\n(feminine singular)<\/strong><\/td>\nEnglish translation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| Mio<\/td>\n | Mia<\/td>\n | Mine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Tuo<\/td>\n | Tua<\/td>\n | Yours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Suo<\/td>\n | Sua<\/td>\n | His\/her<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Nostro<\/td>\n | Nostra<\/td>\n | Ours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Vostro<\/td>\n | Vostra<\/td>\n | Yours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Loro<\/td>\n | Loro<\/td>\n | Theirs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n As you can guess from the chart, in order to select the right possessive pronoun you need to know whether the name you\u2019re replacing is masculine or feminine. In addition to that, you also need to know whether the name is singular or plural. Here are the plural possessive pronouns:<\/p>\n \n\n\nItalian pronouns
\n(masculine plural)<\/strong><\/td>\nItalian pronouns
\n(feminine plural)<\/strong><\/td>\nEnglish translation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| Miei<\/td>\n | Mie<\/td>\n | Mine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Tuoi<\/td>\n | Tue<\/td>\n | Yours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Suoi<\/td>\n | Sue<\/td>\n | His\/her<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Nostri<\/td>\n | Nostre<\/td>\n | Ours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Vostri<\/td>\n | Vostre<\/td>\n | Yours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Loro<\/td>\n | Loro<\/td>\n | Theirs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n- Il libro non \u00e8 mio<\/strong>, \u00e8 suo<\/strong>.
\nThe book isn\u2019t mine, it\u2019s his.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Questo \u00e8 il mio zaino, quello \u00e8 il tuo<\/strong>.
\nThis is my backpack, that one is yours.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nYou also need to remember that the possessive pronoun has to agree in gender and number with the definite articles \u201cil, lo, la, il, gli, le<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\nItalian pronouns
\n(masculine singular)<\/strong><\/td>\nItalian pronouns
\n(feminine singular)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| Il mio<\/td>\n | La mia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Il tuo<\/td>\n | La tua<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Il suo<\/td>\n | La sua<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Il nostro<\/td>\n | La nostra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Il vostro<\/td>\n | La vostra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Il loro<\/td>\n | La loro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\nItalian pronouns
\n(masculine plural)<\/strong><\/td>\nItalian pronouns
\n(feminine plural)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| I miei<\/td>\n | Le mie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| I tuoi<\/td>\n | Le tue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| I suoi<\/td>\n | Le sue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| I nostri<\/td>\n | Le nostre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| I vostri<\/td>\n | Le vostre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| I loro<\/td>\n | Le loro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Also, don\u2019t confuse possessive pronouns with possessive adjectives. In Italian, they look exactly the same, but they serve different purposes. The first actually replaces the noun, while the second modifies it<\/strong>. For instance:<\/p>\n\n- Questo \u00e8 il mio<\/strong> libro. (possessive adjective, indicates whose book it is).
\nThis is my book.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- \u00c8 il mio<\/strong>. (possessive pronoun \u2013 replaces the name).
\nIt\u2019s mine.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nItalian relative pronouns<\/h2>\nItalian has two types of relative pronouns:<\/p>\n \n- Invariable relative pronouns<\/li>\n
- Variable relative pronouns<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
You may guess that the difference is that the latter change according to the other elements of the sentence.<\/p>\n Invariable pronouns<\/h3>\nThe invariable pronouns are che<\/strong>, cui<\/strong> and chi<\/strong>. \u201cChe\u201d<\/strong> can replace a subject or a direct object (be it a person or a thing).<\/p>\n\n- La persona che<\/strong> hai conosciuto \u00e8 mia sorella. (\u201cche\u201d<\/strong> replaces \u201cla persona\u201d).
\nThe person that you\u2019ve met is my sister.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Conosci il ragazzo che<\/strong> lavora al supermercato? (\u201cche\u201d<\/strong> replaces \u201cil ragazzo\u201d).
\nDo you know the guy who works at the supermarket?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe exception is when \u201cche<\/strong>\u201d is preceded by the definite article \u201cil<\/strong>\u201d. In this case, the structure \u201cil<\/strong> che<\/strong>\u201d, refers to everything that is placed before it.<\/p>\n\n- Non riesco a trovare un insegnante di italiano, il che<\/strong> \u00e8 un po\u2019 frustrante. (\u201cIl che\u201d<\/strong> refers to \u201cNon riesco a trovare un insegnante di italiano\u201d).
\nI can\u2019t find an Italian teacher, which is quite frustrating.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nCui<\/strong> replaces any other complement and is always preceded by a preposition.<\/p>\n\n- Il motivo per cui<\/strong> ti chiamo \u00e8 per invitarti a cena.
\nThe reason for which I\u2019m calling you is to invite you to dinner.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- La citt\u00e0 in cui<\/strong> mi sono trasferito non mi piace.
\nI don\u2019t like the city in which I have moved.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nWhen cui<\/em> is preceded by the definite articles \u201cil, la, le, i<\/strong>\u201d, it indicates possession.<\/p>\n\n- Marco, la cui<\/strong> fidanzata \u00e8 in America, si sente molto solo.
\nMarco, whose girlfriend is in America, feels rather lonely.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n- Luisa, i cui<\/strong> genitori sono francesi, \u00e8 nata in Italia.
\nLuisa, whose parents are French, was born in Italy.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nChi<\/strong> is used instead of structures such as \u201cthose who\u201d, \u201cthe one who\u201d, \u201cthe people who\u201d or \u201ceveryone who\u201d. Many | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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