{"id":3552,"date":"2020-04-10T20:04:13","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T20:04:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/?p=3552"},"modified":"2020-07-31T16:05:05","modified_gmt":"2020-07-31T16:05:05","slug":"spanish-adjectives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/spanish-adjectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Spanish Adjectives and Agreement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3555\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pexels-photo-1585852.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pexels-photo-1585852.jpeg 1880w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pexels-photo-1585852-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pexels-photo-1585852-1024x682.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pexels-photo-1585852-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/pexels-photo-1585852-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Spanish adjectives are an essential part of speech, but they can also be a little complicated for learners to master, especially if you have not studied a similar language before. This is because unlike in English, Spanish adjectives change depending on the gender and number of the noun. The rules are actually pretty simple, but it can be hard to master and remember in practice.<\/p>\n<p>So let\u2019s talk through the rules, and then you go practise with Clozemaster, yes?<\/p>\n<h2>What is an adjective?<\/h2>\n<p>I know many of us don\u2019t remember grade 6 English class and the difference between a noun, adjective, verb, and so on. It\u2019s just useless information we never use in real life, you say? Well, now that you\u2019re learning Spanish, your life will be a lot easier if you understand these terms. So let\u2019s do a quick recap.<\/p>\n<p>An adjective is a \u201cdescribing word\u201d. It\u2019s a word that is used to describe a noun (a person, place, or thing). Some English examples are <em>happy<\/em>, <em>bad<\/em>, <em>small<\/em>, <em>wise<\/em>, and <em>interesting<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Examples of common Spanish adjectives<\/h3>\n<p>The Spanish adjectives you will hear and read very regularly are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bueno\/a<\/strong> | Good<\/li>\n<li><strong>Malo\/a<\/strong> | Bad<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feliz<\/strong> | Happy<\/li>\n<li><strong>Triste<\/strong> | Sad<\/li>\n<li><strong>Grande<\/strong> | Large<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peque\u00f1o\/a<\/strong> | Small<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bonito\/a<\/strong> | Attractive<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feo\/a<\/strong> | Ugly<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fuerte<\/strong> | Strong<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Of course, there are thousands more adjectives in Spanish. But if you start by learning the basics, like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/spanish-colors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spanish colors<\/a>, feelings, and personal descriptions, then you\u2019ll have most daily conversations covered.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3561\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/adjectives-spanish.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/adjectives-spanish.png 735w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/adjectives-spanish-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/adjectives-spanish-683x1024.png 683w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><script async=\"\" defer=\"\" data-pin-hover=\"true\" data-pin-tall=\"true\" src=\"\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinit.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2>Placement of Spanish adjectives<\/h2>\n<p>In English, adjectives either go before the thing they are describing, like \u201c<strong>red<\/strong> house\u201d, \u201c<strong>smelly<\/strong> cat\u201d or \u201c<strong>hard<\/strong> rock\u201d; or they go after a copula verb, like in \u201cthe girl looks <strong>angry<\/strong>,\u201d or \u201cthe ball is <strong>flat<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>In Spanish, just remember that the adjective always follows the noun, whether it is in a sentence or in a phrase with a noun. So the English \u201cred house\u201d becomes \u201ccasa <strong>roja<\/strong>\u201d, and \u201cthe baby is sad\u201d follows the same structure as in English: \u201cel beb\u00e9 est\u00e1 <strong>triste<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>There are exceptions to this rule, though.<\/p>\n<h3>Spanish adjectives that appear both before and after the noun<\/h3>\n<p>Some Spanish adjectives can be placed both before and after the noun, and depending on their positions, they give different meanings. I consider this a very advanced topic because the differences in meaning are usually very nuanced. Here are some more common examples of those:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>cierto<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>cierto<\/strong> hombre | a certain man<\/p>\n<p>el hombre <strong>cierto<\/strong> | the correct man<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 pobre<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>el <strong>pobre<\/strong> ni\u00f1o | the poor (pitiful) child<\/p>\n<p>el ni\u00f1o <strong>pobre<\/strong> | the poor (impoverished) child<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>viejo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>mi <strong>viejo<\/strong> profesor | my old (former) teacher<\/p>\n<p>mi profesor <strong>viejo<\/strong> | my old (aged) teacher<\/p>\n<p>\u2022<strong> \u00fanico<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>tu <strong>\u00fanica<\/strong> oportunidad | your only opportunity<\/p>\n<p>tu oportunidad <strong>\u00fanica<\/strong> | your unique opportunity<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 grande<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>la <strong>gran<\/strong> casa | the grand house<\/p>\n<p>la casa <strong>grande<\/strong> | the large house<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 nuevo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>mi <strong>nuevo<\/strong> celular | my new (to me) cellphone<\/p>\n<p>mi celular <strong>nuevo<\/strong> | my new (from the store) cellphone<\/p>\n<h3>Spanish adjectives that only appear before the noun<\/h3>\n<p>Finally, there are a small number of adjectives that only appear before the noun, or after a verb. These tend to be superlative adjectives. These adjectives change to plural forms before plural nouns, but they do not change regardless of the gender of the noun.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some examples:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>mejor<\/strong> | better\/best<\/p>\n<p>la <strong>mejor<\/strong> forma de vivir | the best way to live<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>peor<\/strong> | worse\/worst<\/p>\n<p>el <strong>peor<\/strong> bonbon de la caja | the worst candy of the box<\/p>\n<h2>Spanish adjectives endings<\/h2>\n<p>Singular Spanish adjectives will always end in -z, -r, l, -e, or -o\/-a. The most common Spanish adjective ending by far is the -o\/-a variety. It ends in -o in its masculine form, and it ends in -a in its feminine form.<\/p>\n<p>Plural Spanish adjectives will always end in -s, whether it\u2019s -es, -os, or -as. Again, it will be -os for masculine adjectives, -as for feminine adjectives. Plural adjectives ending in -es can be either masculine or feminine.<\/p>\n<h2>Spanish adjectives agreement<\/h2>\n<p>You might be wondering how an adjective can be masculine, feminine, or plural. Well, the key is that Spanish adjectives do not have inherent gender or plurality as nouns do. They simply copy the form of the noun they are describing. This means that the adjective will match the noun it is describing in both plurality and gender.<\/p>\n<h3>How to use the right Spanish adjective form<\/h3>\n<p>So to figure out which adjective form to use, you need to first look at the noun you want to describe. Then, answer the following questions to work out the adjective form:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Which word is the noun? <\/strong>Look at the phrase and figure out which word is the noun, so the word that represents a person, place, or thing. If you\u2019re not sure, a clue is to find the word preceded by an article (<em>el\/la\/los\/las\/un\/una\/unos\/unas<\/em>) or by a number.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Which gender is the noun? <\/strong>To answer this, start by looking at the noun ending. If the noun ends in -o or -a, you can take a pretty good guess that the -o ending is masculine and -a is feminine. In other cases, though, just looking at the ending won\u2019t give you any clues. However, another clue is in the article preceding the noun (is it masculine, like \u201c<em>el\/los\/un\/unos<\/em>\u201d or feminine, like \u201c<em>la\/las\/una\/unas<\/em>\u201d). Native speakers generally have the gender of nouns programmed into their heads, so really, the best way to know the gender of a noun is by memorization. (Do you know the gender of common Spanish nouns like <em>amor, flor, leche, gente, carne, <\/em>and<em> l\u00e1piz<\/em>?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Is the noun singular or plural? <\/strong>To figure this one out, look at the noun to see if it ends in -s. If it does, there is a very high chance it is plural. This is not guaranteed, though, as some singular nouns end in -s too (like the word for pencil sharpener, <em>sacapuntas<\/em>). So another way to tell is again looking for any article or other item preceding the noun to see if it also ends in -s.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Now that you have figured out the gender and plurality of the noun, apply it to the adjective.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at an example noun, and go through the questions.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u2022 11 gatos<\/em> | 11 cats<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Which word is the noun?<\/strong> The one following a number: gatos<\/li>\n<li><strong>Which gender is the noun?<\/strong> It ends in -os, so it must be: masculine<\/li>\n<li><strong>Is the noun singular or plural?<\/strong> It ends in -s, so it must be: plural<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>So, we have a masculine, plural noun. How would you add the adjective <em>feo<\/em> (ugly) into that phrase?<\/p>\n<p>You need to make sure the adjective is masculine and plural. The default format already ends in -o, so we know it is masculine. And to make it plural, we just need to add an -s. Finally, remember that the adjective should come after the noun.<\/p>\n<p>So, the correct form for &#8220;11 ugly cats&#8221; in Spanish, is <em>11 gatos <\/em><strong><em>feos<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s try that in a longer sentence now.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u2022 La cerveza est\u00e1 aqu\u00ed.<\/em> | The beer is here.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Which word is the noun?<\/strong> The one following the article <em>la<\/em>: cerveza<\/li>\n<li><strong>Which gender is the noun?<\/strong> It ends in -a, so it must be: feminine<\/li>\n<li><strong>Is the noun singular or plural?<\/strong> It doesn\u2019t end in -s, so it must be: singular<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>So, we have a feminine, singular noun. How would you replace the word <em>aqu\u00ed <\/em>with the adjective <em>fr\u00edo<\/em> (cold) in the correct form?<\/p>\n<p>Change the ending from the default -o to -a. Since it\u2019s singular, you don\u2019t need to add an -s. So we get <em>la cerveza est\u00e1 <strong>fr\u00eda<\/strong>. <\/em>to mean &#8220;the beer is cold&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises to practice Spanish adjective agreement<\/h3>\n<p>Now you try it on your own. The following sentences include adjectives only in the default (masculine, singular) form. The adjective of each sentence has been bolded to make it easier. It\u2019s your job to decide if they\u2019re correct, and if they\u2019re not, correct them.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La flor es <strong>bonito<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Yo quiero un beso <strong>suave<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Mi madre compr\u00f3 unos libros <strong>acad\u00e9mico<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>La habitaci\u00f3n era <strong>grande<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Mis hermanos son <strong>fastidioso<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>(To find the correct forms, scroll down to the bottom of this blog post or just click <a href=\"#key\">here<\/a>.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The more you practice this, the more you will get your head around it, and it will come to you more easily in conversation.<\/p>\n<h2>Spanish adjectives that don\u2019t change<\/h2>\n<p>Some Spanish adjectives do not change form from masculine\/feminine and singular\/plural.<\/p>\n<p>These forms are increasingly less common, especially in Latin America, and are starting to be changed anyway. For example, \u201crosa\u201d can become \u201crosado\u201d and \u201cnaranja\u201d can become \u201canaranjado\u201d. Nonetheless, here are some examples of adjectives that can be left unchanged, no matter what the noun is.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>rosa | pink<\/li>\n<li>naranja | orange<\/li>\n<li>cereza | cherry (colored)<\/li>\n<li>macho | male<\/li>\n<li>hembra | female<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Possessives as Spanish adjectives<\/h2>\n<p>Possessive forms like <em>m\u00edo<\/em> (mine) and <em>tuyo<\/em> (yours) also function as Spanish adjectives. The difference, though, is that possessives ususally only come after verbs in full clauses (although there are exceptions). When this happens, the possessive must have the same ending as the noun. Some examples of the possessives being used as adjectives:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Esas botas son <strong>m\u00edas<\/strong>.<\/em> | Those boots are mine.<\/li>\n<li><em>Yo le compr\u00e9 esa computadora, as\u00ed que es <strong>suya<\/strong><\/em>. | I bought you (formal) that computer, so it\u2019s yours.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00bfLos chocolates en la nevera son <strong>tuyos<\/strong>, vale? <\/em>| The chocolates in the fridge are yours, okay?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note: If you&#8217;re not sure how to use the possessives in Spanish, it&#8217;s explained in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/spanish-personal-pronouns\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">our article about Spanish pronouns<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Verbs to describe Spanish adjectives<\/h2>\n<p>The kind of verbs that can be followed directly by adjectives are called copulas. The list of copulas in Spanish is much longer than English, due to the flexibility of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/spanish-reflexive-verbs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spanish reflexives<\/a>. So keep in mind that this is not an exhaustive list, and there are other verbs you can also use directly with adjectives like this.<\/p>\n<p>Some examples of verbs you can use in sentences to describe Spanish adjectives are as follows.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u2022 <strong>ser<\/strong> <\/em>| to be (permanent)<\/p>\n<p><em>Andrea es <strong>morena<\/strong>.<\/em> | Andrea is brunette.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u2022<strong> estar<\/strong><\/em> | to be (temporary)<\/p>\n<p><em>Mi padre est\u00e1 <strong>bravo<\/strong>.<\/em> | My father is (feeling) grumpy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> If you&#8217;re not familiar with the differences between <em>ser<\/em> and <em>estar, <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/baselang.com\/blog\/basic-grammar\/ser-vs-estar-the-only-guide-youll-ever-need\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here is a great article<\/a> to explain it.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>creerse<\/strong> | to beleive oneself to be<\/p>\n<p><em>Ana se cree <strong>guap\u00edsima<\/strong>, pero yo no creo que es<\/em>. | Ana thinks she\u2019s so beautiful, but I don\u2019t think she is.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>volverse<\/strong> | to become\/to turn<\/p>\n<p><em>Mi dinero se volvi\u00f3 <strong>rojo<\/strong>. <\/em>| My money turned red.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <strong>parecer<\/strong> | to seem\/to appear<\/p>\n<p><em>Los p\u00e1jaros parecen <strong>felices<\/strong>.<\/em> | The birds seem happy.<\/p>\n<h2>Complex structures with Spanish adjectives<\/h2>\n<p>If you feel that you have mastered Spanish adjective agreement, and want to do something a bit more challenging, try to form some more complex sentences with the structures given below.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 \u201cel\/la\u201d + adjective = the *** one<\/p>\n<p>E.g: <em>Yo quiero el <strong>azul<\/strong>. <\/em>| I want the blue one.<\/p>\n<p>With this structure, you need to make sure you are still matching the article and the adjective with the masculinity and plurality of the noun. Even though you can\u2019t explicitly see it, you are still talking about it, so the characteristics still need to match up.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 \u201clo\u201d + adjective + \u201ces que\u201d + subjunctive = the *** thing is that<\/p>\n<p><em>E.g: Lo <strong>interesante<\/strong> es que no haya nadie aqu\u00ed<\/em>. | The interesting thing is that there\u2019s no-one here.<\/p>\n<p>With this structure, the adjective will always be masculine and singular (i.e: the default form). But you need to remember to use subjunctive in the second clause.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>As you might have deduced from this article, Spanish articles are no simple topic. So take some time to learn how they work, look at the examples, and most importantly, practise using them. Remember that if you need to practise any language skills, Clozemaster is a pretty good place to start!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><a id=\"key\"><\/a>Exercise key:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul class=\"p-rich_text_list p-rich_text_list__bullet\" data-stringify-type=\"unordered-list\" data-indent=\"0\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">La flor es <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">bonita<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Yo quiero un beso <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">suave<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Mi madre compr\u00f3 unos libros <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">acad\u00e9micos<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">La habitaci\u00f3n era <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">grande<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Mis hermanos son <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">peque\u00f1os<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h2>Learn Spanish in context with Clozemaster<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Clozemaster\u00a0<\/strong>has been designed to help you learn the language in context by filling in the gaps in authentic sentences. With\u00a0features such as Grammar Challenges, Cloze-Listening, and Cloze-Reading, the app will let you emphasize all the competencies necessary to become fluent in Spanish.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/languages\/learn-spanish-online\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Take your Spanish to the next level. Click here to start practicing with real Spanish sentences!<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3564 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/adjectives-spanish-1-e1586615407196.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" \/><br \/>\n<script async=\"\" defer=\"\" data-pin-hover=\"true\" data-pin-tall=\"true\" src=\"\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinit.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spanish adjectives are an essential part of speech, but they can also be a little complicated for learners to master, especially if you have not studied a similar language before. This is because unlike in English, Spanish adjectives change depending on the gender and number of the noun. The rules are actually pretty simple, but &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/spanish-adjectives\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Spanish Adjectives and Agreement<\/span>Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2249],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-spanish-grammar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spanish Adjectives and Agreement<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Spanish adjectives are an essential part of speech, but they can also be a little complicated to master. 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