{"id":260,"date":"2017-10-20T20:58:06","date_gmt":"2017-10-20T20:58:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/?p=260"},"modified":"2020-06-23T10:47:11","modified_gmt":"2020-06-23T10:47:11","slug":"polish-personal-pronouns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.clozemaster.com\/blog\/polish-personal-pronouns\/","title":{"rendered":"Making Sense of Polish Personal Pronouns"},"content":{"rendered":"

Personal pronouns<\/strong> \u2013 words like <\/span>I<\/i><\/strong>, <\/span>she<\/i><\/strong>, or <\/span>they<\/i><\/strong> in English \u2013 are used to refer to a specific entity in the world (usually a person) without actually naming it. <\/span><\/p>\n

Just imagine how messy our everyday communication would be if we weren\u2019t able to refer to someone as <\/span>he<\/span><\/i>, or to something as <\/span>it<\/span><\/i>. Using personal pronouns helps us save time and effort, and that\u2019s why they are an essential part of a vast majority of languages, including Polish.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>Number and gender of Polish personal pronouns<\/h2>\n

\"Pronoun<\/p>\n

As you probably know, every Polish noun has a fixed grammatical gender. So when a pronoun is used in place of a noun, <\/span>the pronoun\u2019s gender must be the same as the noun\u2019s gender<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

This, however, only applies to third person pronouns, since first and second person pronouns do not distinguish between genders. <\/span>Ty<\/i><\/strong> (singular <\/span>you<\/span><\/i>) will always be <\/span>ty<\/i><\/strong>, regardless of the person\u2019s gender.<\/span><\/p>\n

Applying this rule to nouns for people should be pretty intuitive, as the same thing happens in English: you say <\/span>he<\/i><\/strong> when talking about a man, and <\/span>she<\/i><\/strong> when talking about a woman.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, when referring to animals<\/strong>, objects<\/strong> or concepts<\/strong>, you can\u2019t always expect\u00a0ono<\/strong><\/em> to be the correct pronoun (even though its direct translation is\u00a0it<\/em><\/strong>). This is because every Polish impersonal noun has fixed grammatical gender<\/strong> \u2013 masculine, feminine, or neuter \u2013 just as personal nouns do.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If a noun for an animal, object or concept is of <\/span>feminine <\/b>gender, you should refer to it using the third person feminine pronoun <\/span>ona<\/i><\/b>. If it\u2019s of <\/span>masculine<\/b> gender, the corresponding pronoun is <\/span>on<\/i><\/b>. And if it\u2019s <\/span>neuter<\/b>, you can go ahead and use <\/span>ono<\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Compare the examples below:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Polish<\/p>\n

You might notice that all these examples are in the singular. What about plural personal pronouns?<\/span><\/p>\n

If you go back to the first table and look at the Polish equivalents of the pronoun <\/span>they<\/i><\/strong>, you\u2019ll notice a distinction that doesn\u2019t exist in English: <\/span>oni<\/i><\/b> is the third person plural masculine<\/strong> pronoun<\/span>, while <\/span>one<\/i><\/b> is the third person plural non-masculine<\/strong> pronoun.<\/span><\/p>\n

This means that <\/span>when choosing which plural pronoun to use, you have to take into account the gender of the entities it stands for<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n

If the pronoun is supposed to refer to <\/span>a group with at least one male<\/b> in it, the correct word to use is <\/span>oni<\/i><\/b>. This pronoun<\/span> is also used when the gender of the people in the group is unknown<\/strong> \u2013 either because we don\u2019t know who its members are, or because we\u2019re generalizing about a social group that is likely to include both men and women.<\/span><\/p>\n

In all other cases, the default third person plural pronoun is <\/span>one<\/i><\/b>. <\/b>You\u2019d use it to talk about <\/span>groups of women, children, animals, objects, or concepts<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

If you\u2019re not entirely sure if you understand the distinction, this chart should help:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Polish<\/p>\n

One more thing: unlike in English, <\/span>Polish personal pronouns distinguish between singular you<\/i> and plural you<\/i><\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n

In other words, when you use <\/span>ty<\/i><\/b>, it\u2019s always clear that you\u2019re referring to a single person<\/strong>. Likewise, <\/span>wy<\/i><\/b> will always refer to more than one person<\/strong> (just like <\/span>you all <\/i><\/strong>in English).<\/span><\/p>\n

Grammatical case of Polish personal pronouns<\/h2>\n

Things are going to get a bit more complex now. Apart from number and gender, Polish pronouns have \u201cinherited\u201d one more feature from nouns: <\/span>grammatical case<\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n

For the sake of simplicity, the previous section discussed only one of six potential cases: the nominative. This means that each of the nine basic pronouns listed there has five more forms. Well, at least in theory: some forms are shared between a couple of cases<\/strong>, so the final number of possible forms isn\u2019t as overwhelming as you might expect.<\/span><\/p>\n

Once again, making sense of this topic should be much easier if you consult this (rather extensive) pronoun chart:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

So many forms\u2026 how do you know which one you should use? <\/span><\/p>\n

Most often, you consider the pronoun\u2019s role in the sentence<\/strong>, just as you would do when dealing with nouns and <\/span>adjectives<\/span><\/a>. Let\u2019s take a look at the following sentence:<\/span><\/p>\n

On j\u0105<\/strong><\/abbr> kocha.\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cHe loves her<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n

Although it might not look like it, <\/span>j\u0105 <\/i><\/b>is the <\/span>accusative<\/b> form of the third person feminine pronoun <\/span>ona <\/i><\/b>(\u201cshe\u201d). The pronoun takes the accusative case to reflect its role in the sentence: it is the direct object of the verb <\/span>kocha\u0107<\/span><\/i> (\u201cto love\u201d). <\/span><\/p>\n

Naturally, if we were to replace the pronoun with a noun, the noun would still be in the accusative. It\u2019s all about the context created by the verb<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Note that if you speak English, this kind of change (<\/span>ona <\/i><\/b>\u2192 j\u0105<\/i><\/b>) might actually feel quite natural. After all, English pronouns have distinctive forms used for objects as well: you say \u201cHe loves <\/span>her<\/b>\u201d, and not \u201cHe loves <\/span>she<\/b>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Here is another sentence with a declined personal pronoun:<\/span><\/p>\n

Chcesz ze<\/em>\u00a0mn\u0105<\/strong><\/abbr> zata\u0144czy\u0107?<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cWould you like to dance with me<\/strong>?\u201d)<\/p>\n

The word <\/span>mn\u0105 <\/i><\/b>is the <\/span>instrumental<\/b> form of the first person pronoun <\/span>ja<\/i><\/b> (\u201cI\u201d). In this case, the grammatical case of the pronoun is imposed by the preposition <\/span>ze <\/span><\/i>(\u201cwith\u201d) which immediately precedes it. <\/span><\/p>\n

Just like verbs, prepositions affect the grammatical case of pronouns that come after them (if you\u2019d like to learn more, read this article on the relationship between Polish prepositions and grammatical case<\/a><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s see what happens when a personal pronoun is used as an object in a negation:<\/span><\/p>\n

On\u00a0<\/em>jej<\/strong><\/abbr>\u00a0nie kocha<\/i>. (\u201cHe doesn\u2019t love her<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/p>\n

As you might have noticed, the sentence is very similar to one of the previous examples. Only this time, instead of the accusative, the pronoun <\/span>ona <\/i><\/b>takes the <\/span>genitive<\/b>\u00a0case and changes its form into\u00a0<\/span>jej<\/i><\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n

This is because the negation (expressed with the negative particle <\/span>nie<\/i><\/b>) forces the verb to \u201cforget\u201d its default case: while <\/span>kocha\u0107 <\/span><\/i>(\u201cto love\u201d) normally requires its object to be in the accusative, <\/span>nie kocha\u0107<\/span><\/i> requires the genitive. This rule applies to direct objects in all negative sentences.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prepositional pronouns in Polish<\/h2>\n

Now, consider this simple sentence with another form of the pronoun <\/span>ona<\/i><\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Mam dla niej<\/strong><\/abbr>\u00a0<\/span><\/i>prezent. <\/span><\/i>(\u201cI\u2019ve got a gift for her<\/strong>.\u201d) <\/span><\/p>\n

Even though the <\/span>niej<\/i><\/b> form looks different to the <\/span>jej<\/i><\/b> form in the previous example, they are actually <\/span>both<\/span> genitive <\/b>forms of the pronoun <\/span>ona<\/i><\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n

You see, some pronouns have two or three forms for a single grammatical case<\/strong>. While <\/span>jej <\/i><\/b>could be considered the default genitive form, <\/span>niej <\/i><\/b>is an alternative form<\/span> only used after prepositions<\/b>, such as <\/span>dla<\/span><\/i> in the above example.<\/span><\/p>\n

And why is that? There\u2019s just something about prepositions that makes them force third person pronouns (<\/span>on<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>ona<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>oni<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>one<\/span><\/i>) to assume forms starting with <\/span>n-<\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

For your convenience, all these \u201c<\/span>n-<\/span><\/i> forms\u201d have been marked <\/span>orange<\/b><\/span> in the table at the beginning of the section.<\/span><\/p>\n

Short and long pronoun forms\u00a0in Polish<\/h2>\n

If you take a closer look at the table, you\u2019ll notice that the <\/span>n-<\/span><\/i> forms aren\u2019t the only alternative pronoun forms. <\/span>There\u2019s another distinction at play here: some singular pronouns have <\/span>short<\/b> and <\/span>long <\/b>forms which are used in different contexts. <\/span><\/p>\n

Once again, all short and long forms have been color-coded in the table: long forms are marked <\/span>purple<\/b><\/span>, and short forms are marked <\/span>red<\/b><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Below are three most important contexts in which you should always use the <\/span>long <\/b>form:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. When a pronoun follows a preposition.<\/b> However, this rule doesn\u2019t apply if the pronoun also has an <\/span>n-<\/span><\/i> form \u2013 these always get priority when it comes to prepositions.<\/span><\/p>\n

Czekam na ciebie<\/strong><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/i> (\u201cI am waiting for <\/span>you<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

NOT:<\/b> Czekam na ci\u0119<\/strong><\/span><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. When a pronoun is used at the beginning of a clause.<\/b><\/p>\n

Ciebie<\/strong><\/abbr> nie zaprasza\u0142am. <\/span><\/i>(\u201cI didn\u2019t invite <\/span>you<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

NOT:<\/b> Ci\u0119<\/strong><\/span><\/abbr><\/i>\u00a0nie zaprasza\u0142am<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. When a pronoun is stressed for emphasis or clarification.<\/b><\/p>\n

Kocham ciebie<\/strong><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>, nie jego<\/strong><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/i> (\u201cI love <\/span>you<\/strong>, not <\/span>him<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

NOT:<\/b> Kocham ci\u0119<\/strong><\/span><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>, nie go<\/strong><\/span><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Outside of the three contexts above, you\u2019re often free to use either form, but the <\/strong><\/span>short<\/strong> form will be a much more natural choice in most situations<\/strong>. Below are a few example sentences where the short form makes more sense than the long one:<\/span><\/p>\n

Lubi\u0119 ci\u0119<\/strong><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>. <\/span><\/i>(\u201cI like <\/span>you<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nie znam go<\/strong><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>. <\/span><\/i>(\u201cI don\u2019t know <\/span>him<\/strong>.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

Kto mu<\/strong><\/abbr><\/span><\/i>\u00a0pomaga?<\/span><\/i> (\u201cWho is helping <\/span>him<\/strong>?\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

The Polish Pronouns Grammar Challenge<\/strong><\/h2>\n

If you\u2019ve made it all the way through this article, you have a pretty good idea of why Polish pronouns seem to have an infinite number of forms. What\u2019s even more important, you\u2019ve probably noticed that behind it all are (mostly) reasonable rules that can be easily learned and internalized.<\/span><\/p>\n

What\u2019s next? As always, once you\u2019ve got a basic theoretical understanding of the topic, the most effective way to master it is to follow up with as much practice as possible until you\u2019re satisfied with the result<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n

The Polish Pronouns Grammar Challenge\u00a0<\/strong>lets you practice using pronouns in real Polish sentences with immediate feedback to help you improve.\u00a0<\/span>Click here to take up the challenge<\/strong><\/a>!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Personal pronouns \u2013 words like I, she, or they in English \u2013 are used to refer to a specific entity in the world (usually a person) without actually naming it. Just imagine how messy our everyday communication would be if we weren\u2019t able to refer to someone as he, or to something as it. Using …<\/p>\n

Making Sense of Polish Personal Pronouns<\/span>Read More »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,573],"tags":[603],"class_list":["post-260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn-polish","category-polish-grammar","tag-polish-pronouns"],"yoast_head":"\nMaking Sense of Polish Personal Pronouns<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Polish personal pronouns (\u201cja\u201d, \u201cty\u201d, etc.) can be a bit tricky. 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